The Nature Nurture Controversy 20th Century Present

History of the Nature-Nurture Controversy: 20th Century-Present Mary Truong University of Regina The nature-nurture controversy is an age-old dispute that has been debated since at least the time of Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E). According to the nature stance, who we are as individuals, that is, our physical characteristics, personality, intelligence, and how we behave, is biologically inherited, now known through our genetics. Hippocrates for instance, posited that human behaviour was linked to our bodily fluids, which he referred to as humors. Four personality types were identified that were related to four humors: choleric, or yellow bile was associated with being hot-tempered; sanguine or blood to confidence;†¦show more content†¦Galton was greatly influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection. At the time, it was believed that selection could be used to eliminate society of a host of undesirable traits. Heredity however, was understood differently as most scientists of the time believed that the impact of environment was directly transmitte d to offspring. Immorality and illness was thus understood to be inherited the same way as eye or hair color. This also meant that if potential parents developed good health and habits, these too would be passed down to the next generation (Fischer, 2012). With all this mind, Galton defined eugenics (from the Greek, good birth) to mean ‘the science of improving the inherited stock of a population, not only by judicious matings, but by all other means’ (Galton, 2005). Galton frequently wrote about breeding, emphasizing the idea that humanity could improve itself by putting the same effort into our own breeding that was put into breeding livestock. This idea, together with the 1900 rediscovery of Mendel’s hereditary experiments fueled the eugenics movement that took place in the early 20th century. Galton’s word and concept spread rapidly in the early 20th century. The Eugenics Education Society was founded in London, England in 1907 and annual International Eugenics Conferences were held since 1912, attracting luminaries such as Winston Churchill. Canada’s own Tommy Douglas was also aShow MoreRelatedThe Meaning of Nature and Nurture in Psychology Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Meaning of Nature and Nurture in Psychology The nature nurture dichotomy is a theme always present in many areas of psychology. But is it right to talk about it as a dichotomy? , Certainly not. To say so would be like stating that they never act together, that they are contradictory and exclusive oneRead MoreRaising Children in a Homosexual Household Does it affect them? 1639 Words   |  7 Pagesone’s sexual preference, but how well one takes care of that child emotionally, physically, financially, and mentally. Before the 20th, century children were often seen as miniature versions of adults so there was little consideration to children development in cognitive and physical development. The interest of child development did not peak until the early 20th century. Conscientious parenting happens not only within traditional nuclear families, but also within homosexual families. Both traditionalRead MoreThai Elephants and Its Significant to Thai Culture and History2061 Words   |  9 Pagessignificant to Thai Culture and History The elephant, the giant size animal with enormous power and gentle heart, is a living creature that have special place in Thai’s heart. It has been the icon of Thai tradition, culture and royal power through centuries since the old Siam. The thousand and thousand years of relationship between Thai people and elephants are even recorded and can be found abundantly on the pages of Thai’s historical book. 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Sir William Osler Canadian Physician, 20th Century Teaching Stories: Debra Bankay Debra Bankay is an elementary-school teacher who, wanted students to use their research skills to learn prior to her certification in Ontario, taught at a private about the Fathers of Confederation. I also wanted

Analysis Of The Book Taken - 1426 Words

They involve a hero’s helpers, a heroes call to the adventure, a heroes materials, their almost death experiences, and their quests, to name a few. The movie Taken, represents a monomyth because the plot follows a man’s journey to save his daughter. Bryan (Actor Liam Neelson) goes over seas to find his kidnapped daughter, Kim. Bryan is in Los Angeles and Kim is in Paris with a friend, Amanda, when the action packed adventure begins. The call to adventure for a hero would begin if that hero receives some information that prompts him to go out on a journey with no clues for what to expect. Theseus’ call to adventure occurred when he arrived in his father s city, Athens, and heard the horrible history of the Minotaur, he had to go slay it. Odysseus’s journey began with him trying to travel home but he was misguided on the Mediterranean by the winds of the angered god, Poseidon. In the attempt to get rid of Perseus, Polydectes sent him out on a journey to get Gorgon Medusa’s head. All heroes have reasons for going on their journeys. They all are given a push to go out but they never know what to expect. In â€Å"Taken,† Kim calls Bryan while she is in Paris, and informs him that her friend Amanda is being kidnapped in another room. Bryan tells Kim that she will be kidnapped but she needs to do the best she can describe her kidnappers. When Kim and her cell phone are found under the bed on e of her kidnappers came on the line. After Bryan warned the kidnapper, he responds withShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Taken Hostage By David Farber2240 Words   |  9 PagesDuring this essay I will be talking about the book called â€Å"Taken Hostage† by David Farber and the information in the book. The book is about the time frame of Jimmy Carter’s presidency and the issues with Iran and the hostage crisis. The second half of my essay is towards President Ronald Reagan’s and the issues about the Iran- Contra affair and the lasting issues between Iran and the United states. 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The Women 100 Years Ago and Now free essay sample

The women 100 years ago and now Time flies so quickly that we humans didn’t notice the changes around us. It is said that change is the only permanent thing in this world. Everything and everyone has the capability of changing. Women today are a lot different centuries ago. Aspects such us liberation, career option and the like are the main points of contrast. In todays world, women are far more liberated than they ever were 100 years ago. On the way they act, is far away to the concept of conservative women 100 years ago. Women have now the freedom to stand on their own. They now have the right to follow their dreams, speak in meetings, hold careers and even have the choice of staying at home to raise a family or working outside the home for what they want. They now have the choice or option of living in their own way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Women 100 Years Ago and Now or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike a century ago, women don’t have much voice in the society. They remain silent and they just follow what is said. They cannot fight for their right because indeed, women were inferior that time. Men were given attention most of the time. Women rather just stay on their homes, do the chores, take care of their children and wait for their husbands. They just depend on what‘s provided to them. Women,during their time doesn’t have the right to vote. Women nowadays have number of kids and run their lives on their own. They are independent beings who can choose to live a more traditional life as a wife and mother that can rely upon themselves to pay their bills, rent and make themselves happy. But beyond these differences, now and yesterday has similarities too. Women in the past though they can’t express themselves fully because they were inferior have strong personalities like the women today. It is women’s nature to be strong. Compared with men, who are weak because of their ego. Comparing and contrasting women yesterday and today made me realize how time make people change. Like a snap of the finger can change your fate. Like how great the impact and influence of modern technology to people can change the lifestyle of it. Women will always be part of the history. Though now and before will never be the same, there is still part of it that will remain.

Therapeutic Touch Its Effectiveness On Surgical Essay Example For Students

Therapeutic Touch: Its Effectiveness On Surgical Essay Therapeutic touch has been shown to decrease patients anxiety levels and increase their pain tolerance levels when other more mainstream therapies have not been completely effective. Therapeutic touch is a process by which energy is transmitted from one person to another for the purpose of potentiating the healing process of one who is ill or injured. (Heidt, 1981; Krieger, 1979; Lionberger, 1985; Randolph, 1984; Kramer, 1990). In my capacity as a nursing student on a medical- surgical unit, I have noticed an increase in pain medication requests among patients with incision site pain and a minimal use of lternative therapies for this pain management. With the use of therapeutic touch nurses can regain a closeness with patients and also have a direct effect on their pain level. Therefore the purpose of this study will be to determine if therapeutic touch is an effective intervention for patients experiencing surgical incision site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery. PROBLEM STATEMENT The question posed for study is: Is therapeutic touch an effective intervention for decreasing a patients surgical site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery? . The independent variable is therapeutic touch. The dependant variable is decreasing surgical site pain. The population to be studied will be patients on a thirty bed medical-surgical floor of a Lake Charles hospital. Fifty surgical patients will be studied over a four week period. The patients will be randomly selected to avoid any bias by the researcher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM herapeutic touch is a nursing intervention that has the potential for eliciting a state of physiological relaxation in patients and for decreasing patients anxiety (Heidt, 1991). The use of therapeutic touch is very important o the nursing community. The need for immediate intervention in acute or chronic pain could be handled at the bedside with no need to await a doctors order for pharmacological intervention. Anxiety could be lessened to let patients rest more comfortably in the stressful hospital environment. Also teaching could be enhanced in the less anxious and more pain free client. A client that is admitted to the hospital for surgery may not get all the rest needed for proper recovery and healing due to inadequate pain relief from pharmacologic interventions. The need for more in depth research and pplication in the field of therapeutic touch as a nursing intervention is essential. REVIEW OF LITERATURE In preparing to undertake this research, various forms of literature must be examined. In a study done by Nancy Ann Kramer, MSN, RN on therapeutic touch and casual touch stress reduction of hospitalized children (1990), her study supported the use of therapeutic touch. She states he intervention of therapeutic touch will more quickly reduce the childs stress and provide comfort for a longer time, which eventually may decrease the hospital stay and decrease nursing work. . The author states that more research ay need to be done with a larger sample and a wider range of patient stressors to further support the use of therapeutic touch in a clinical setting. She used a sample of thirty children ages two weeks to two years old. In the next study, done by Patricia R. Heidt, RN, PhD, Helping patients to rest: Clinical studies in therapeutic touch(1991), she studied patients who wanted help with pain relief. Her main reason for this was to increase the descriptive data on patient care so further research could be done and therapeutic touch could be applied in nursing interventions. The strength of his study came from its in depth look at two case studies and how the therapeutic touch was used on two specific patients. The case studies gave an in depth look at the patients history and treatment and out comes after therapeutic touch was used. It also explained the settings and exactly what was done step-by-step through the therapeutic touch treatment by Heidt herself. The weakness of this study was also its strength. It had a very narrow focus and was not applied to a large group. In a study, done by Janet F. Quinn, RN, PhD, FAAN and Anthony J. Strelkauskas, PhD, named Psychoimmunologic effects of therapeutic touch on ractitioners and recently bereaved recipients: A pilot study(1993), they wanted to identify the variations and address conceptual inconsistencies in previous Therapeutic Touch research . The study was done with two therapeutic touch practitioners and four recently bereaved patients. They wanted to determine if there was a correlation between who received the therapeutic touch and who applied the therapeutic touch. Their study supported the use of therapeutic touch on practitioners and others who are bereaved and how therapeutic touch can increase white blood cell response. The weaknesses of this study were: that a short time frame was used (two weeks) and a small sample of practitioners and recipients was used. The strength of this study flowed from its use of descriptive language and its ease of obtaining bereaved subjects for use in the study. In the following study, Effects of Therapeutic Touch on Tension Headache Pain (1986), done by Elizabeth Keller and Virginia M. Bzdek they reviewed a sample of sixty volunteers from ages eighteen to fifty-nine that experience tension headaches. Their study supported the use of therapeutic touch in tension headache pain. They used a large sample population and various testing components for grading pain and relief of pain. I find this to be the strength of this study. A weakness of this study was its non-use of any pharmacological intervention and also the total subjectiveness of a persons pain rating. It also did not rule out whether any of the subjects had ever previously tried alternative therapies for their headache pain. Deforestation EssayThe reason for selecting this design is its simplicity. Half of the fifty patients will be randomly chosen as a control group. Observation of the dependant variable will be taken at those points in time as listed above. It will allow us to examine the changes of the patients response before and after the therapeutic touch treatment. SAMPLE The study subjects will be fifty surgical patients from a thirty bed medical- surgical floor at a Lake Charles hospital over a four week period. Each patient will have to meet the following criteria for the study: 1. The patient must have experienced an uncomplicated surgery. 2. The patient must have a surgical incision of at least two inches in length. 3. The patient must have some narcotic analgesia ordered for post- operative pain control. 4. The patient must be admitted into the hospital for a stay of greater than forty-eight hours after surgery. 5. The patient must sign a consent form to participate in the study. 6. The patient must be between the age of eighteen and thirty years old. The sample will include both male and female subjects. The nursing staff will identify candidates for this study when admitted to the post- operative surgery floor from the post- anesthesia care unit. If the patient cannot read the staff can read the consent to the patient. After verbalizing understanding of the consent, the staff member and one witness can sign the consent form for the patient. If the patient meets this criteria noted above they will be asked to sign a consent to participate in the study. HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION Freedom from harm will be assured by the giving of pain medication promptly after the therapeutic touch treatment. The nurse will respond within five minutes with the therapeutic touch treatment that will last five minutes. If the patient still requests pain medication after the therapeutic touch reatment, it will be administered. If at any time the patient cannot wait for the narcotic analgesic until after the therapeutic touch treatment, it shall be administered. This will effectively remove the subject from this study. The subjects will have the benefits of this study explained to them before participating in it. The risks are minimal as all that will be introduced is the therapeutic touch treatment. The use of narcotic analgesia will still be an option for the patient and will not be withheld if asked for before the therapeutic touch treatment is over. The benefit of this study will e enhanced knowledge for the use of pain management without or in conjunction with pharmacological measures in the post-operative period. The subjects will have the right to decide to join the study voluntarily. There will be no penalties or prejudicial treatment for not joining the study or for leaving the study at any time before it is over. The subjects will have full knowledge of the study to be performed and will have to sign a consent from which will include the following: *The fact that the data provided by or obtained from the subjects will be used in a scientific study *The purpose of the study The type of data to be collected *The nature and extent of the subjects time commitment *The procedures to be followed in collecting the research data *How subjects came to be selected *Potential physical or emotional discomforts or side effects *If injury is possible, an explanation of any medical treatments that might be available *Potential benefits to subjects (including whether or not a stipend is being offered) and potential benefits to others *A description of the voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty *A pledge that the subjects privacy will at all times be protected The names of people to contact for information or complaints about the study. (Polit and Hungler 1993) SUMMARY The use of therapeutic touch treatment in a clinical setting is a growing trend all over the world today. Therapeutic touch was derived from many ancient healing arts. In its contemporary form, therapeutic touch was developed by Dolores Krieger, Ph. D. , RN. , and her mentor, Dora Kinz, in the early 1970s. Research has shown that therapeutic touch is effective in promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety; changing the patients perception of pain; and in restoring the bodys natural processes. The importance of therapeutic touch to nursing is tremendous. Nurses must use a holistic approach to healing. The only way to succeed with this is by using all the tools that can be used. Therapeutic touch is being supported and taught in many nursing schools in Canada. It is put into practice in a wide range of settings from nursing homes to stress reduction of the nursing staff themselves to reduce burnout. Research indicates that therapeutic touch does produce significant levels of effective healing. The continued research in therapeutic touch and its use is essential.

Juvenile Boot Camps Essays - Misconduct, Penology, Criminal Justice

Juvenile Boot Camps Juvenile Boot Camps: The Modern Alternative Juvenile delinquency is not anything new; it is a problem that has plagued our society for the past two hundred years. Juvenile delinquency is believed to have started with the emergence of industrialization and urbanization. This same phenomenon later appeared in other countries as they began to modernize as well (Bernard 6). In the past juvenile care facilities and juvenile detention centers attempted to contain the problem of juvenile delinquency. These past attempts have failed. The modern alternative, juvenile boot camps, might turn out to be an effective way of combating the problem. The Juvenile Justice System plays a major role in combating juvenile delinquency. According to Donald J. Shoemaker, ?a juvenile is any person under the age of eighteen who commits any illegal act whether criminal or status,? (3). It is within this system that juvenile delinquency is analyzed by looking at the situation from outside. A perfect example of how this system works is by looking into a pond; a person sees a fish and the world in which it swims in, while the fish in the pond can't see the overall world it swims in (Bernard 11). This is how the Juvenile Justice System works. They look at juvenile delinquency from outside to get a better view as well as a better understanding of the overall problem. Within the Juvenile Justice System there are five constants that have remained the same for the past two hundred years. People may think these constants have changed when they compare them to earlier days but over all they haven't changed. The first constant says ?regardless of whether crime is high or low at a particular 8 time or place juveniles, especially young males, commit a greater proportion of the crime than would be expected from their proportion in the population,? says Thomas J. Bernard (Bernard 22). The juvenile crime rate fluctuates as the juvenile population fluctuates. While there may be a drop in the proportion of arrests that juveniles are involved with the rate of juvenile arrests has remained relatively constant, (Bernard 23). The second constant states that there are special laws that only juveniles are required to obey. These laws are referred to as status laws because they only apply to people with a juvenile status (Bernard 25). These kind of laws involve running away from home, refusing to attend school, refusing to obey parents, drinking alcoholic beverages, violating curfew, etc.(Bernard 26). Adults are allowed to move out of their houses or quit school. A juvenile who commits such an offense can be punished for being involved with the same activities and end up being sent to a juvenile institution. The third aspect that has remained constant is that juveniles are treated more leniently than adults when they commit the same offense. Usually when a juvenile commits a crime the punishment isn't as severe as when an adult is convicted of the exact same crime. In most states a person under the age of eighteen who commits an offense is sent to a juvenile court to be tried, many courts go on the concept of less responsibility, therefore less punishment, (Bernard 29). This may be true in most states but in some states there are offenses that are automatically sent to adult court. From there the juveniles lawyer tries to argue that the offense was committed due to immaturity. Many people believe that the current group of juveniles commit more frequent and serious crime than juveniles in the past, meaning there is a ?juvenile crime wave,? at the present time (Bernard 31). People have always believed that there is a ?juvenile crime wave? going on and that thirty to forty years earlier it was never this bad. People's impressions of how bad juveniles are has always been the same. The major difference between now and earlier times is the seriousness of offenses committed. The offenses 8 committed today are much more serious than ever before; with murder and burglary added onto the list (Bernard 33). Many people blame the Juvenile Justice policies for the supposed ?juvenile crime wave,? (Bernard 34). People argue that justice policies are too lenient or that they are too harsh. This is a belief that the Juvenile Justice System increases juvenile crime by not having a good balance between. At times serious offenders were given lenient sentences which almost encourages them to try to get away with the same crime again. In

Forensic sciences Essay Example

Forensic sciences Essay Example Forensic sciences Essay Forensic sciences Essay Essay Topic: Confessions Name: Instructor: Course: Date: : How the portrayal of forensic science in media (CSI, for example) has influenced the court system Forensic sciences Forensic science refers to the usage of a broad range of sciences to give answers to questions of concern in legal systems and scientific studies. The term forensics and forensic science are used interchangeably to mean the scientific investigation that serves to give evidence to a question from the courts. The science involves the application of biology, physics, chemistry and other branches to come up with unique evidence that eliminates other possibilities and explicitly identifies an individual. The use of forensic science knowledge has been exploited by three main bodies: law enforcement agencies, the media and perpetrators of criminal activities. In criminal history, it proved difficult to prove that suspected criminals were guilty beyond doubt. Court proceedings depended on the confessions that were sometimes coerced and corrupted as well as testimonies from witnesses. Elements of forensics began developing in Ancient China where the Song Dynasty solved many crimes using answers that were biological in nature. Modern forensics developed around the 16th century in Europe where French and Italian army doctors came up with various categories of how soldiers died for instance strangulation, drowning and poisoning. These developments were recorded in documents such as A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health and The Complete System of Police Medicine (Ramsland 27). Toward the end of the 19th century, forensics began developing more and even subdivided into more branches that specialized on specific aspects of forensics. Some of the major areas in forensic science include criminalistics, digital forensics, forensic anthropology, forensic DNA analysis and mobile device forensics among other subfields. These subdivisions and manifestations of forensic science have greatly improved the quality and efficiency of the legal system since it is now easier to prove that an individual is innocent or guilty of a crime. Scholars who have been influential in the development of forensic science over the years include Alphonse Bertillon, Alexandre Lacassagne and Wilton M. Krogman. The reasons behind looking to science to aid in improving the quality of services of the legal system revolve around changes in crime and law enforcement techniques. First, there are increasing incidences of crimes happening within the neighborhoods and the city centers. These crimes range from petty offenders such as pickpockets to organized gang robbery. There are also changes in the constitution and other relevant legal documents, such as the penal code, that have forced law enforcers to turn to science for assistance. The advent of new crimes and weapons such as terrorism using biological and digital weapons necessitated the scientific intervention to reduce such attacks. The media have been crucial in disseminating information on forensic science through the various movies, TV shows, documentaries and news sections (Newton 128). Some of the notable TV series that became famous for their inclusion of forensic techniques include Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1887, who used forensic science in his investigation of criminal methods. Agatha Christie also employed forensic qualities in her publications such as Hercule Poirot. More recent television series include The Mentalist and CSI Miami. The development of the plot of most television dramas has closely followed the changes in the legal system and the law enforcement. To this extent, the media has been hugely influential in changing the perceptions that people have about forensic science in crime solving. In this section, the influence of the media on the legal system will be the main subject of discussion. Forensics science specifically fingerprint evidence was not popular within legal systems until the 1980s when it was first experimented with at the Illinois Supreme Court. Clarence Hiller had been murdered in his home. Thomas Jennings was the main suspect who was caught in the possession of a revolver and unused bullets from the Hiller’s home. Four fingerprints belonging to Jennings were also found on the crime scene that helped the jury to convict him. Since then, fingerprint evidence was embraced as a valid source of evidence and could be used as enough material to convict a suspect. Bernard Knight, a chief pathologist for the British government commented that television crime programs have done a lot of damage in raising the expectations of jurors and judges within the legal system. Most television series such as CSI Miami exaggerate the collection of evidence, the presentation of cases and the decision of juries to an extent that has influenced the attitudes, standards and decisions of jury panels. The current generations of jurors have come to demand more resounding proof than forensic science can deliver. The wide berth between fiction and reality makes it even more difficult to rectify the situation. Terming it as a â€Å"CSI effect†, the pathologist defined the phenomenon as that of jurors having impractical prospects of forensic evidence and investigation methods and having an increased concentration in the discipline of forensic science. These sentiments were echoed by Evan Durnal, an employee at the Criminal Justice Department in the University of Central Missouri. He also argued that increased prevalence of investigative television series have transformed how the American legal system conducted its trials. One of the most obvious assumptions made was that jurors thought they had a detailed understanding of forensic science after viewing such programs on TV (Newman 34). In reality, they do not. The process of selecting juries has also been lengthened in order to ensure that potential jurors did not use television standards to judge scientific evidence. Courtrooms have been converted into debate areas where prosecutors and lawyers attempt to school juries on why certain pieces of evidence can or cannot be considered relevant in the court. This has led to new development such as negative evidence witnesses whose function is to clarify that investigators may at some point fall short of finding evidence at crime scenes. This has diluted and corrupted the real purpose of the courtroom as a place where trials are heard and judgment passed. Defense lawyers are equally affected by the CSI effect since they can benefit from misguided ideas that science offers jurors. Using this argument, defense lawyers can then argue that there lacks incriminating scientific evidence, which will constitute reasonable doubt. This can provide grounds for acquittal of a suspect. However, the CSI effect can also produce negative consequences for defense lawyers. This happens when they are summoned to explain the close similarity between a television drama’s devices, such as fingerprint or DNA matching, and the fingerprint database at a local police department computer. In such cases, their client could end up being found guilty thanks to the jurors’ inquisitiveness and pre-knowledge of television programs (Kiely 27). The problem with prioritizing scientific techniques as the main standard in determining a person’s guilt or innocence is that forensic evidence is based on complex probabilities. Take the case of fingerprint evidence, where an expert categorically comments that his method has a 90% chance of finding the owner of the print, and an infinity chance is someone else who was not related to the case left the prints. DNA evidence has proved to be more accurate, but experts in this field still claim to work with probabilities and not certainties. Jailing an innocent man or setting free a perpetrator of wrong deeds based on probabilities distorts the whole concept of justice. Conversely, the media and production houses strive to produce reality drama shows that include sophisticated police equipment and applying the real laws from the constitution. While this makes for quality drama, criminals also watch these shows and slowly refine their techniques to use these loopholes and get away with law breaking activities. More murderers now use bleach to kill any DNA on the crime scene. They also wear gloves and prefer to tape shut any envelopes than licking them. This gives investigators more trouble, as they have to cover crime scenes with a fine toothcomb that may sometimes yield no evidence. This develops into a trend where more and more unsolved cases are shelved for future reference creating a backlog of cases at the courts. As much as the use of forensic evidence can be said to be changing the way in which justice is meted out, it has greatly refined the quality of court trials. In one relevant case, jurors inquired whether a certain piece of evidence had been tested for possible DNA matches. It had been tested but had not been entered as part of the evidence. The inclusion of the negative DNA results ultimately exonerated the defendant, and he was acquitted. To that extent, both Evan Durnal and Bernard knight acknowledge that the makers of television shows are not to blame for the effect that they have had on the justice system. It remains the responsibility of the lawyers, judges and other stakeholders in the legal system to determine when to consider forensic evidence as valid and useful (Embar-Seddon et al 56). ` As was mentioned above, crime-solving television drams have significantly increased public awareness on the position that science holds in gathering evidence and solving crimes. However, some key differences set aside real crime investigation and television dramas. Television shows have professionals who are armed, making interrogations and arrests, as well. These television stars normally receive their DNA and fingerprints results almost instantly. In real life investigation, pathologists and scientists are not equipped with guns and body armor. They also lack the authority to make interrogations and arrests, as it is a job left for the area police. Real forensic results also take exceptionally long before they can be gotten and used. In fact, the fastest There has been much criticism leveled at the increased influence of the media on the legal systems in most countries. Of particular importance, is the focus on the forensic methods used to determine whether a person’s DNA or fingerprints were found at the scene or on the victim. Since the adoption of forensic methods in courts, over half of the convictions passed on suspects, were based on invalidated or inappropriate forensic science presented by professionals. First, forensic scientists have been elevated to the level of a juror or a judge in that their recommendations will eventually convict or acquit a person. Forensic scientists are always summoned after all the evidence has been presented by the defendant’s lawyer or state that brings out the perception that these scientists hold the key that turns the tide of the case. Coupled with the â€Å"CSI effect† bias that was mentioned earlier, jurors are manipulated to depend on science to determine the fate of suspects. The problem is that this number of unfair convictions could even be larger (Begley 12). This is because no studies have been done to determine if different human DNA samples may be similar in structure and might unwittingly link to the wrong person. To that extent, invalid forensic results might have helped to convict the wrong people. The best attempt at forensic science that can be depended upon would be fingerprinting which is better than studying handwritings, dental formulas and shoe sizes. On their part, most legal professionals have lost their own skills and resorted to science. Jurors have been given the wrong impression television programs like by CSI, Bones, and the notion that science will always prevail. Many members of the jury, panels of judges and the bar agree that they need to step up their modus operandi and their reliability on forensic techniques. Groups up against the overindulgence in forensic science such as National Organization of Criminal Defense Lawyers have made campaigns that call for the reforms of the sector. They argue that, over a decade, crime lab investigations have shown that forensic evidence brought before the court is often bogus and is based on speculations, poor quality control, and subjective understanding. A case study of the extent of misuse of forensic science can be the Maguire Seven case where the convictions were quashed, and the forensic scientists exonerated because of the forensic results that were tampered with. The family members were convicted based on the forensic results that revealed traces of nitroglycerine on their hands. On these grounds alone, the whole family was thrown into jail. However, their acquittal was later considered because the forensic tests themselves were too flawed to be reliable. The case of Fred Zain from West Virginia is also relevant in questioning the role forensic science plays in law (Adler et al 34). In the Fred Zain case, he was entrusted with giving valuable information on forensics that was used to convict many people. Unfortunately, he had clinched the position on false credentials that meant that his recommendations were not qualified and accurate. These two examples are a clear indication of the extent to which the media has integrated low-level, superficial science into the minds of decision makers such as juries and pathologists who determine the fate of an individual. Work cited Adler, Joanna R, and Jacqueline M. Gray. Forensic Psychology: Concepts, Debates and Practice. Abingdon: Willan, 2010. Accessed on 24 October 2012. Retrieved from http://lists.lib.portsmouth.ac.uk/items/7AE1E27C-26B6-4A69-5759-A78076CA7382.html Begley S. But it works on TV! The Daily Beast Accessed on 24 October 2012. Retrieved from thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/03/31/but-it-works-on-tv.html Embar-Seddon, Ayn, and Allan D. Pass. Forensic Science. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press, 2009. Print. Kiely, Terrence F. Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2001. Print Newman, Robert C. Computer Forensics: Evidence Collection and Management. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications, 2007. Print. Newton, David E. DNA Evidence and Forensic Science. New York: Facts on File, 2008. Print Ramsland K. CSI: Without a clue, a new report forces police and judges to rethink forensic science. New York Post. Accessed on 24 October 2012. Retrieved from nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_cZHjTuCHuisPQlUkw7iKjN;jsessionid=184810DD4B5E16D37B74096588931092

Critical Appraisal of Compassion in Care by Van der Cingel Research Paper

Critical Appraisal of Compassion in Care by Van der Cingel - Research Paper Example The writer has employed a qualitative investigation of in detail interviews to achieve this knowledge. The investigation finds that sympathy has seven scopes- attentiveness, listening, tackling, participation, helping, charisma, and consideration. The investigation concludes that compassion is of worth to nurse and patient relationship as it inspires both in establishing an affiliation to realize the best result of care. Research Design Qualitative research is the apparent approach of collecting in-depth comprehension of emotions, opinion, and conduct. The writer further expounds that the employ of grounded hypothesis and in exacting the emergent fit method in other terms gathering hypothesis from statistics and then illustrating that theory. Stable comparative investigation, analytical initiation and oretical sensitivity are therefore employed in order to understand the empirical data. Nevertheless, there are risks in using the budding fit mode. Artinian and Giske (2009) depict that even though this technique allows the writer to build upon the exertion of preceding research, in the event that the research’s variables were found from the review of literature then they might be faulty. Recruitment Strategy The writer expounds the reasons why these meticulous individuals were selected for the investigation but does not show how. The research centres on older people residing with a chronic disease and therefore only above 65 years (with a continual illness) were selected. In some instances, nurses projected clients to the writer. Opinionative, this might leave the outcomes open to query, thus bias could inadvertently occur. Data Collection The data collection setting was threefold. To begin with, the centre for rehabilitation for chronic diseases followed by a home care administration and lastly an outpatient’s health centre. This is warranted by the author’s declaration that compassion is not universal in proficient settings. Nonetheless, th is is based on results available in print six years ago. Moreover, this information has been criticised because of van Heijst’s detest of rationalisation and nationalisation in care and wellbeing. It is made clear that data was composed in semi-structured interrogations carried out by the author, helped by students, and centred on a questionnaire that is included in the article. The interrogations were tape recorded and afterwards written out until data infiltration was attained. Nevertheless, there is no sign of the way these interviews were carried out. Data Analysis The writer does, however, gives an in-depth explanation of the procedure of data analysis. Data was put down and then investigated with Atlas-Ti that is a computer software programme. This software is employed broadly in qualitative investigations and data investigation. This aided the author to establish a list of perceptions general in compassion- attentiveness, listening, tackling, participation, helping, ch arisma, and consideration.

Applying Standardized Terminologies in Practice - Informatics Essay

Applying Standardized Terminologies in Practice - Informatics - Essay Example The defining characteristic in stroke treatment and management is neck-artery blockage which could be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Individuals without any stroke symptoms are also likely to suffer from the disease. However, those who have shown stroke symptoms face a higher risk. Factors related to stroke management include micro-clots in the carotid arteries’ bloodstream, asymptomatic carotid disease, amarousis fugax (a TIA affecting the eye), cognitive impairment, brain stroke and ischemic stroke (Lovrencic-Huzjan, Rundek, & Katsnelson, 2012). Other related factors are symptomatic carotid stenosis and plaque instability. When a plaque is ulcerated or has irregular morphology, the risk of a clinical event increases. NOC outcomes suggested in the management of stroke using medical intervention include improved muscular and brain functioning. The main indicator showing improved status of a stroke patient with medical intervention is elimination of clots in the carotid blood stream. The elimination of neck artery blockage reduces the likelihood of suffering from stroke. Inherently, the use of standardized language in nursing profession is becoming prevalent in education and practice Suggested NIC interventions for stroke patients include use of surgery such as carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the prevention of secondary stroke. A more recent and less invasive surgical alternative is carotid stenting. The nurse could also advise patients to stop smoking and limit intake of cholesterol for stroke prevention and management. Emboli monitoring is also recommended in order to minimize the risk of later developing stroke. Between the 1980s to early 2000s, aspirin was the only anti-platelet therapy for treatment of stroke. Since the start of the new millennium, medical interventions have increased to include statins, new

Diamond Producing in South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diamond Producing in South Africa - Essay Example The UK-based company owns stakes in leading global producers of gold (42%, AngloGold Ashanti), platinum (75%, Anglo Platinum), and diamonds (45%, De Beers Consolidated). In addition, Anglo American has interests in paper and packaging goods (more than 20% of sales), ferrous and base metals, and industrial minerals. It also is one of the world's largest independent coal miners. The company controls assets around the world. Descendants of the founding Oppenheimer family no longer control Anglo American, although Nicky Oppenheimer, who chairs De Beers, sits on the company's board. How western democracies have supplied arms, created a state of lawlessness, and taken advantage of the escalating confusion to swindle away more mines. When tension is high massive looting is coordinated at extremely mediocre rates. Increased 'beneficiation' or downstream value added by the diamond industry has become an important issue for the South African government in recent years Though diamonds are beneficial there are also shortcomings of the trade. The United States is heavily dependent upon South Africa for key minerals including chrome, manganese, vanadium and platinum. Though two decades old, the following /New York Times/ report highlights not only U.S. dependence on South African strategic minerals, but its vulnerability to any future Russian-South African blockade. Written at the time of sanctions against South Africa in the apartheid era, the 5. Regulatory issues A new Diamond Act became effective in 2000. The Act provides for the establishment of a Diamond Board and spells out its objectives, powers, duties and functions. The Act also provides for control measures in respect of the possession, purchase and sale, as well as the processing and the import and export of diamonds. 6. Security issues The trade in illicit and conflict diamonds in South Africa is a complex issue. There is emerging evidence, however, that there is an extensive illicit trade in domestic rough diamonds, and in conflict diamonds. This same type of trade has led into wars in diamond producing countries

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid The absorbance of light, wavelength 632nm, was measured in an indicator solution at varying pH, and varying concentration, allowing for a Beer-Lambert plot to be constructed. This was then used to measure acetic acid uptake at the surface of deionised water and octan-1-ol coated water, allowing pH, and hence concentration, to be calculated from absorbance of the liquid. Introduction Surfactants are molecules which are able to form a surface across a liquid, and stop the interaction of foreign molecules with the solution without interacting with these molecules first. These are extremely useful since they often contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic aspect, which interact differently to different molecules. Surfactants are used in the manufacture of paper, textiles and construction among others.[1] They are the main ingredient of detergents and they allow non-polar molecules to dissolve in polar molecules, such as oil into water. On the surface of the liquid, the surfactant will interact slightly differently. It will create a surface of hydrophobic tails. This will stop polar molecules from entering the liquid, since the liquid will appear to be a poor solution for the polar molecule to interact with. They also increase decrease tension of the liquid.[4] This barrier is expected to stop the acetic acid, used in part 3 of the experiment, interacting with the water solvent. If it does interact, the pH of the solution will lower due to acetic acids presence, and the indicator will show a change in colour. If no acetic acid enters the solution, no change should be observed or measured. Experimental Using de-ionised water, a reference light intensity was recorded. A 250ml solution (1) of 0.005% wt bromocresol green was then prepared, and absorbance was measured. 100ml was removed, and the pH adjusted using 0.1M sodium hydroxide and glacial acetic acid, and absorbance was noted at pHs between 3-6 at 0.3 increments. 50ml of remaining solution (1) was further diluted to solutions of 0.0025%, 0.00125%, 0.000625% and 0.0003125% concentration. Spectroscopic analysis of these concentrations was made, and a Beer Lambert graph plotted. A solution of unknown concentration was then spectroscopically analysed and its approximate concentration determined. This solution was then enclosed in a container with acetic acid, and spectroscopic readings taken every 30 seconds. This was repeated with fresh solution, with the addition of 0.2ml of octan-1-ol to the surface of the cuvette. Results The results for the pH change showed a curve, going from lower pH on the left to high pH on the right. This is a more quantifiable way of showing that as the Bromocresol turned blue at higher pH. This shows absorption toward the end of the spectrum of lower energy, (ie higher wavelength). So as pH increased, the absorbance of Bromocresol at 632nm increased too as it became blue. The next aspect of the experiment was to analyse how concentration affected the absorbance of Bromocresol green. As concentration of bromocresol green was altered, it was possible to draw a Beer-Lambert plot detailing how the absorption of the light changed with concentration of the Bromocresol Green. As would be expected, there is a straight line relationship between Bromocresol concentration and Absorbance except at higher concentrations, where the solution plateaus and becomes non-linear. Excluding this end point it is possible to derive the gradient, and hence the value of ?L. This was determined to be 36600. The Bromocresol solution of unknown concentration transmitted 0.222, making a LOG(Io/I) value of 0.67. Dividing this by the gradient gave the Bromocresol solution concentration to be 4.5710-6moldm-3. From this it is possible to determine the acidity of the solution using the Beer-Lambert plot as given above. Using an original pH, it is then possible to determine the concentration of the acetic acid on top of this, using simple equations associated with pKa and pH. From the information of Ka and pH, it is possible to calculate the concentration of acetic acid in the solvent. Error analysis Using error analysis and standard errors of instrumentation used, it is possible to construct the same graphs as above but with error bars. These are shown below. Discussion The calculations and graphs suggest that coating a solvent in octan-1-ol would encourage uptake of acetic acid, rather than inhibit it. This may be due to dimerzation or trimerzation of acetic acid (1) as it evaporates from the surface, making it more soluble in the partially polar octan-1-ol solution. Single carbon-oxygen bonds display less polarisation than carbonyl bonds do, and so it is likely that in this dimerised arrangement acetic acid more readily dissolved in the oil, in addition to acetic acid readily dissolving in organic solvents. Because of these reasons it readily crossed over from the relatively non-polar octanol to the polar water solvent, decreasing the pH of the Bromocresol containing solution in both the uncoated and octanol coated solutions. It is, however, most likely that the experiment was not successful. Alternative indicators, such as NH3, would have readily dissolved in water and increased the pH of the solution. It would also not have been able to dissolve in the octanol due to the higher polarity and availability of the nitrogen lone pair. Because of this it would have been a better indicator of the presence of a surfactant than acetic acid. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my demonstrators M. Azwani Mat Lazim and Miss Olesya Myakonkaya for their advice on the experiment. References R. J. Farn, Chemistry and Technology, Blackwell Publishing (2006) pp. 6. L. L. Schramm, Surfactants: fundamentals and applications in the petroleum industry, Cambridge University Press (2000) pp. 7. R. J. Farn, Chemistry and Technology, Blackwell Publishing (2006) pp. 6. K. S. Birdi, Handbook of surface and colloid chemistry, CRC Press (1997) pp. 338. P. Atkins, J. De Paulo, Atkins Physical Chemistry 8th Edition, Oxford Publishing (2006) pp. 432. P. M. S Monk, Physical chemistry: understanding our chemical world, John Wiley Sons (2004) pp. 225. V. H. Agreda, J. R. Zoeller, Acetic acid and its derivatives Volume 49 of Chemical industries, CRC Press (1993) pp. 96.

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: A Jungian Analysis :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

   The Picture of Dorian Gray begins with Basil describing his fascination with Dorian, and ends with his masterpiece reverting to its original splendour. He describes his reaction to Dorian in these words: "When our eyes met, I felt I was growing pale. A curious sensation of terror came over me. I knew that I had come face to face with some one whose mere personality was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature, my whole soul, my very art itself." (6) Such a reaction is not a reaction to another human being. It signals an intimation of something super-human. The word "fascinating" comes from fascinum, which means "spell." A fascination is caused by unconscious factors. It grips us; it holds us in its power; it acts upon us. The expression "face to face" suggests an image of a "god" -- cf. Jacob's experience at Peniel (Gen. 32.30) or Moses in the Tabernacle (Ex. 33.11). Dorian as both Dionysos and Apollo corresponds to both Jung's definitions of the Self: "a god-image in the psyche," and a "complexio oppositorum" (Vol. 9.ii; par. 73; also CW 11.283). For Jung held that a god-image must be a mixture of opposites "if it is to represent any kind of totality" (CW 13.289). According to Jung, the Self is an autonomous archetypal image, which symbolizes something towards which the individual is striving. An experience of the Self thus represents an intimation of a meaning which the individual has not yet assimilated. The individual's task is to integrate the meaning implicit in his or her particular experience, but not to identify with it, for this would signal psychological inflation. Basil lives only for his art (56). He is afraid of life, because it is capable of exerting an influence over him which he feels as threatening. He is afraid of Dorian, because Dorian personifies the Dionysian side of his own personality which he has repressed. Thus he needs Dorian, because only through Dorian can he feel that he is alive. The contrast between them is suggestive. Basil is fascinated by what he himself is not. The attributes which he finds so fascinating stand in "compensatory" relation to him. But, instead of seeing his fascination as symbolic of a need to develop the Dionysian side of his own personality, he seeks to perpetuate his experience through art.

Causes and Effect of Pollution in Our Environment Essay

INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the overview of the topic about the causes and effects of air pollution to our environment. The term air pollution is a mixture of natural and manmade substances in the air we breath such as fine particles produced by the burning of fossils fuel ground level ozone, which is a reactive form of oxygen that is a primary component of urban smog and noxious gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and chemical vapors. The health effects of air pollution have been reported in research studies over the past 30 years. These effects include respiratory diseases such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases changes in lung development in children. What pollutants affect air quality? A few air pollutants, called criteria air pollutants, are common throughout the United States. These pollutants can injure health, harm the environment and cause property damage. The current criteria pollutants are carbon monoxide, lead nitrogen oxide, ozone, particulate matter with aerodynamic size less than or equal to 10 micrometers, and sulfur dioxide. What are the causes of air pollution? There are many causes of air pollution examples of these are burning of plastics, vehicles, heavy factories and scattered garbage.  These research aims to give and share information and knowledge to the readers regarding to the topic. The purpose of conducting this research is to emphasize on how pollution affects are mankind and the environment. It will also help us to know more about pollution and how we can avoid and save our mother earth. And what are the causes and effects of air pollution. The objectives of these research is to understand the environment and its component to human life, it gives information about the cause and effects brought by the fast spreading of pollution, it also determine the sources of pollution. As the fast moving fluid medium in the environment the atmosphere has always been one of the convenient place to despise of unwanted materials. Ever  since we first used fire, the atmosphere has been a sink for waste disposal. Read more:  Essay About Haze CHAPTER II DISCUSSION I. INDOOR POLLUTION We have to spend a considerable of effort and money to control the major outdoor air pollutants but we have only recently become aware of the danger of indoor air pollutants. The EPA has formed that indoor concentration of toxic air pollutants are often higher than outdoor. Furthermore, people generally spend more time inside than out and therefore are exposed to higher closes of these pollutants. In some cases indoor air in home has chemical concentrations that would be illegal outside or when the workplace. Under some circumstances compounds and styrene can be seventy time higher indoor air than in outdoor in. II. POLLUTION CONTROL For dater stationary and mobile sources of air pollutants the most reasonable strategies for control have been to reduce, collect, capture or retain the pollutants before they enter the atmosphere. From an environmental view point, the reduction of emissions through energy efficiency and conservation measures, we disease pollutants control for selected air pollutants. A. POLLUTION CONTROL: PARTICULATES Particulates emitted from fugitive, point, or area stationary source are much easier to control than are the very small particulates of primary or secondary origin release from mobile sources, such as automobile. As you learn more about these very small particles, we will have to devise new methods to control them. Particulates from fugitive sources must be controlled or site so the wind does not blow them the atmosphere. Methods include protecting open areas controlling dust, and reducing the effects of wind. B. POLLUTION CONTROL: AUTOMOBILES Control the pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydro carbon in urban areas is but achieved through pollution control measures for  automobiles. Control of this material will also limit ozone formation in the lower atmosphere. Since ozone forms through reaction, with nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight. Nitrogen oxides from automobile exhaust are controlled by recirculation exhaust gas diluting the air to fuel mixture being burned in the engine. Delusion reduces the temperatures of combustion and decrease the oxygen concentration in the burning mixtures, resulting in the production of fewer nitrogen oxides. Unfortunately the same process increase hydrocarbons emissions. Nevertheless, exhaust the circulation the reduce nitrogen oxide emissions has been common practice in the United States for more than 20 years. C. POLLUTION CONTROL: SULFUR DIOXIDE Sulfur dioxide emissions can be reducing through basic measures performed before, during or after combustion. Technology to clean up coal so it will burn more cleanly is already available. Although the cause of removing sulfur mix fuel more expensive, the expense must be balanced against the long term consequences of burning sulfur- rich coal. Changing from high- sulfur coal low sulfur coal seems solution to reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide. In some regions, this change will work. Unfortunately most low sulfur coal in the United States is located in the Western part of the country, whereas, must coal is burn in the east. Thus, transportation is an issues use of low- sulfur coal is a solutions only in cases where it is economically feasible. III. GENERAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION The effects of air pollution on vegetation are numerous. They include damage to leaf tissue, needles and fruit reduction in growth rates are sufficient of growth, increase susceptibility to a variety of diseases, pests, and adverse weather and disruption of reproductive processes. Air pollutants is a significant factor in the human death rate for many large cities, for example, it has been estimated that in Athens, Greece, the number of death is several times higher on days when the air is heavenly  polluted and in Hungary, where are pollution has been a serious problem in recent years. Air pollution effects many aspects of our environment its visual qualities, vegetation, animals, soils, water quality, natural and artificial structures and human health. Air pollutants affects the visual resources by discoloring the atmosphere and by reducing visual range and atmospheric clarity so that the visual contrast of distant objects is decrease. IV. CLEAN AIR LEGISLATION The clean air act amendments of 1990 are comprehensive revelations enacted by the U.S congress that address acid rain, toxic emissions, ozone depletion, and automobile exhaust. In dealing with acid deposition, the amendments established limits of the maximum permissible emissions 0f sulfur dioxide from utility companies for new coil. The 1990 amendments also call for reduction emission of nitrogen dioxide by approximately 2 million from the 1980 level. Greater reduction would be difficult because large amount of nitrogen oxide emissions are related to automobiles, rather than to coal burning power plants. The clean air amendments also deal with ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The goal is to end the production of all CFC and other chlorine chemicals and steps by 2030. Environmentalist can also purchase these permits to keep them from being bought by utility companies, forcing the utility companies to use more vigorous pollution abatement techno. Buying of permits by environmentalist however, has not been a major factor. An innovative aspect of the legislation is to provide incentives to utility companies to reduced emissions of sulfur dioxide by providing marketable permits that allow companies to buy and sell the right to pollute. VII. SOURCES AND CAUSES Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions, however, Canada is the number 2 country ranked per capita. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal fired power plants, oil refineries petro chemical plants nuclear waste  disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock forms, PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics, and other heavy industry. Some of the more common soil contaminations are chlorinated hydrocarbons heavy metals, MTBE, zinc, arsenic, and benzene. Ordinary municipal landfills are the sources of many chemical substances entering the soil environment emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted especially substances illegally discarded there, are from pre- 1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of poly chlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity such as TCDD. Pollution can also be the consequences of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rings or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur. In the case of noise pollution dominant source class in the motor vehicles producing abut ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide. A. HUMAN HEALTH Adverse air quality can kill many organism including human. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, threat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. Oil spiles can cause skin irritation and rashes, Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. B. ECOSYSTEMS Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen can cause acid rain which reduces the PH value of soil affect other organisms in the flood web. Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carryout photosynthesis. Invasive species can out compete native species plants can contribute debris and biomlecules that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an  environment, often reducing native species competitiveness. Biomagnifications describes a situation where toxins may be pass through tropic levels, becoming exponentially more concentration in the process. C. OZONE Ozone is a gas. It can be good or bad depending on where it is â€Å"good† ozone occurs naturally about 10 to 30 miles above the earth surface. It shields us from the seems ultraviolet rays. Part of the god ozone layer is gone destroyed by manmade chemicals. Without enough god ozone, people may get too much ultraviolet radiation. This may increase the risk of skin cancer, cataracts and immune systems problems. â€Å"Bad† ozone is at ground level. It forms when pollutants from cars, factories, and other sources react chemically with sunlight. It is the main ingredient in smog. It is usually worst in the summer. Breathing lead ozone can be harmful causing throat irritation worsening of asthma, bronchitis and emphysema, and even permanent lung damage, if you are regularly exposed to it. VIII. OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION: POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS What symptom does air pollution cause? Air pollution can irritate the eyes, throat and lungs. Burning eyes cough and chest tightness are common with exposure to high levels of air pollution.  Different people can react very differently to air pollution. Some people may notice chest tightness are cough, while others may not noticed any effects. Because exercise requires faster deeper breathing, it may increase the symptoms. People with heart disease such as angina or with lung disease asthma or emphysema may be very sensitive to air pollution exposure, and may notice symptoms when others do not. CHAPTER III CONCLUSION This chapter presents the discussion entitled the causes and effects of air pollution to our environment.  Air pollution discussed treats pollution as a result of the rapids rise of the human populations and one of the causes of changes of the environment  which usually being about destruction of biotech communities. The causes and effect of air pollution in our environment cannot be abolish if only the people abuse and neglect the significance of environment and the community.  So, I therefore conclude that the cause and effect of air pollution to our environment can avoided if we make proper used in the environment in the importance and cleanliness of this and needed of human life. In setting standards to protect public health from the effect of air pollutants the concept of their holds may not be useful because certain population groups are very sensitive and effects and detected even at low levels. To enable the development of effective risk reduction strategies based on qualitative and quantitative knowledge, further data analysis and more comprehensive monitoring is recommended. In addition to the pollutants discussed in this study, other aspects of air pollution should also be addressed in the development of air pollution policy in Europe. These include air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, persistent organic pollutants, certain metals, certain volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen trichloride. The combined effects of the urban air pollution mix also an important issue that remains unresolved. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bolkin B. Principle of Environment Science Inquiry and Application 2nd Ed. Boston: mc Graw-Hill 2004 Cunningham M. Environmental Science Earth as a Living Planet. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2005 James S. Earth Science; World Worth, Publication Co. C1998 Kurt F. Annual Edition: Social Problem; Mc Graw- Hill/ Duskin C2003 Oledan T. The Case for Pollution Prevention, Environment and the Law. Vol. VI No. 9 March 2007 Saspa J.P. Environment. Poison in the Air Free Press Vol. XCIV No. 3 January 18,2002 Schaeter T. Sociology -9th Ed. Boston; Mc Graw –Hill Int’l. C2005 Smitch L. Environmental Geology – 6th Ed. Boston: Mc Graw – Hill C2003 Soriano L. Save Mother Earth. Environmental Science Manila: Phoenix Publication: C1995 Thomas M. Elements of Ecology -14th Ed. Addition Wesley Longman Inc. C2002

The Rise of Jeffersonian Democracy essays

The Rise of Jeffersonian Democracy essays Though the American War of Independence had simmered and officially ended by the turn of the eighteenth century, another revolution was rising within the United States. Immediately following the Treaty of Paris was an era of political upheaval in the states. Stability was in sight after the formation of the Federalist Party. However, conflicting views were rampant in the new republic, mainly in the opposing political party of Jeffersonians. These political views gained more and momentum until the Revolution of 1800, where the entire system of government was changed in a peaceful movement. Thus, the first three decades of the United States marked a period of instability and inner struggles. Following the expulsion of British politics in America came confusion regarding the new United States government. After the Articles of Confederation were drafted, the United States became a confederation of thirteen states with a weak central government. However, a group of people, led by Alexander Hamilton, proposed re-writing the political order of the country. They advocated a federal government, with a strong central nucleus. This group of advocators became known as the federalists, with policies similar to the Tories of Great Britain. As a result, the Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified by the necessary amount of states. The first president, George Washington, was greatly influenced by Federalist Hamilton. Following the Whiskey Rebellion, George Washington sent a militia out to silence these radicals. This increased his power and the power of the federal government dramatically. Also, the Bill of Rights was established, giving the common man m any essentials rights. In addition to these, the tenth amendment allowed states some power over issues that the central government did not control. However, some states wanted more sovereignty over the central government. This group of people advocated...

Descriptive Piece Essays - Free Essays

Childhood Memory/ Descriptive Piece Essays - Free Essays Childhood Memory/ Descriptive Piece Every fortnight I was faced with the taunting experience of retrieving the eggs and every fortnight the task became more and more daring. Each morning at Nonis (grandmother) house a war between the chickens and I emerged from the normally silent yard, a war that separated all good from the world and emphasized death, destruction and danger. Every morning at Nonis house the boy that I was turned into a manly structure, ready for battle. The sun beamed through the old wooden shutters as the light splashed across his dormant eyes, beckoning him to awaken and absorb the early morning warmth. Each ray of light produced a comforting sensation persuading the boy to emerge from his overnight coma and venture out beneath the newborn sun. The warmth soon turned to a chill as a noise from the far corner of the backyard seized everything that was pleasant. The chicken sounds were calling him, reminding him of his duty..tempting him. Awakening very slowly the boy began to prepare himself for battle, just the way his grandfather had told of his experiences. The boy began to prepare himself both physically and mentall, knowing that one mistake could be the difference between failure and success. The young boy was ready and the beast that lived inside of him was to be exposed to a morning of frightful duties. The young boy was now the beast and the beast was the young boy and with the two minds combined a war was about to begin. He marched with enormous confidence until he reached the large back door that was the gateway to either treasures or torment. A fear inside him was released as he opened the door and proceeded with his mission to recover the prized treasure. He had all senses alert and functioning, ready for any enemy attack from the large, distrustful chickens. His knees and elbows slid along the wet dew of the morning grass like a snake carefully maneuvering its body, hiding from any danger. In front of him was a large cluster of grapevines that blocked any vision or path towards the enemies' barracks. There was no way around the large tangled knot, as this method would expose his route of attack to the enemy. Having no other option the cunning boy had no choice but to go through the vines. His body becoming a large grapevine, ducking and weaving through the tangled domain. The vines did not appreciate his presence and every meter he gained a new gash tore open the bare skin on his legs. He sensed the pressure build as he reached the forefront of the enemy barracks. Before him was a large rusted structure which foreshadowed any positive aspects which had arisen from the attack. The enemy headquarters oozed with a vibe of danger and evil. He decided not to turn back and thus moved onwards. His mission was established and all his knowledge and expertise was then crafted into an attempt to conquer what was rightfully his. He slowly invaded the enemy fortress that was covered by a wide expanse of rust and debree. Slowly and quietly he maneuvered his way around the shed, carefully he did not to make any sudden movements or sounds so as to alert the enemy. He held his position momentarily and observed if there was any movement evident inside the enemy fortress. He stalked the enemy and he felt the enemy stalking him. He then reached the opening of the fortress. A large corrugated iron door separated the young boy from victory and this large barrier to entry was an unexpected obstacle and delay. The door was so big that the latch to grant access into the disgusting pit was not accessible. His plans were disrupted and so he used all of his knowledge to overcome this unexpected occurrence. There wasn't into the fortress and this small dilemma began to be extremely costly time-wise. Due to this loss in time my enemy slowly began to gain advantage over me and I knew that I had to act quickly in order to save my mission. In the far bottom corner of the shed I could see a small opening. Obviously my

Investigation and Analysis of Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investigation and Analysis of Technology - Essay Example The practise of using social media platforms for various purposes has increased with time. Social media platforms have become avenues for social communication and interaction. In fact, socialisation has increased tremendously as more people become connected to the internet. Facebook, Online gaming, and Twitter are considered the most widely used social media platforms. Millions of people across the world spend considerable time on social platforms interacting in different contexts. Making friends has been reduced to a click of a button. Using social media makes it possible to communicate and share information to many people simultaneously. Additionally, it makes it easy to follow news updates, emerging issues and interact with the world with ease. Online gaming such as Sony PlayStation Network (PSN) offers an entertainment and recreational platform. Twitter on the other hand offers a platform for quick and instant sharing of real time information for socialisation and other contexts as well (Ryan 2-4; Smith 6-7; Christakis and Fowler Web). However, the practice of overwhelming dependency on social media raises alarm as reality sets in. For instance, natural socialisation where people meet face-to-face has been greatly hampered. Overuse of Facebook as a social platform has greatly hampered natural socialisation. ... ent experienced when interacting naturally is evidently missing when social media platforms are used for interaction (Smith 15-17; Christakis and Fowler). Online gamers have been signalled for neglecting their human instincts as they become increasingly addicted to online games. Korea is one of the countries with high number of online gamers. Incidences have been reported whereby, a mother supposedly let her child die of hunger as she was busy feeding an online child. Another person shot his mother when she interrupted his online game and actually stole her credit card to purchase more gaming time. Another child fell on a rail track when playing video game while walking (Smith 1-3). The greatest trade-off, however, is compromise on health. Cases of obesity, overweight and sedentary lifestyles have been greatly attributed to overwhelming use of social media platforms. For instance, many people spend countless hours chatting on Facebook without considering the health implications. Lack of exercise becomes a predisposing factor to so many diseases and health conditions. The situation is even worsened by the fact that many people use social medial platforms for recreation after spending much time sitting in office chairs. Ideally, increased used of social networking has resulted in increased health problems (Ryan 7-11; (Christakis and Fowler Web). For this essay, I interviewed a few of my friends who are of my age. Additionally, interviewed two of my neighbours, who are about 50 years to see what they think of social networking. It was disturbing to see the difference in opinions between these two groups. My friends felt that social networking was the best thing that ever happened to them. According to one of my friends, â€Å"I can have as many identities as possible without

Professional Development Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Professional Development Analysis - Assignment Example It may range from designing, manufacturing and testing of mechanical engines, turbines or other devices to their maintenance and overhaul. The choice of professional development pathway is crucial because the choices in this regard are often irreversible. It is a make or break decision which may pave the way of all future successes or may cause irreparable loses. An early and correct decision is therefore of core importance for all engineering student. They have to weigh various aspects of their personal tendencies and professional trends to strike a balance somewhere which can prove fruitful in the long run. As discussed above the variety of mechanical engineering branches and fast pace advancements in the field can make the choice of a professional track quite difficult and it may require extra bit of knowledge and a methodical approach to arrive at a correct decision. Various techniques and methods that I have employed to make it a correct decision include SWOT analysis, Time Mana gement skills, and use of Spider diagram. It is important to understand that all these methods are simply a way to provide a big and clear picture of main objective and how to approach it. 2. SWOT Analysis SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. The term was first introduced by Albert Humphrey at Stanford University in 1960s and 1970s. (Marquis, 2009, p. 143). SWOT analysis is the a common tool used in strategic planning, specially it is a preferred professional development planning tool because it takes care of both, the internal and external factors that may affect a strategic plan. Strengths and Weaknesses are personal or internal characteristics that may hamper or assist the final outcome of strategic goal whereas opportunities and threats are the external factors accountable for the success or failure of a strategic plan. In SWOT analysis these factors are analyzed to determine the probability of success for a specific achievement. SWOT analysis can impact the strategic plan for the professional development if personal strengths and weaknesses are analyzed realistically and rationally. The individual has to be honest in assessing his own weakness because a wrong assessment would result in future failure. This might also provide a chance to correct the personal shortcomings and to overcome the weaknesses overlook in past. However, it is important to understand that SWOT is a subjective analysis and everybody has different strengths and weakness moreover, everybody does not come across same opportunities and threats. a) Goal Definition The selection of an ultimate objective as the purpose of strategic plan is the first step in SWOT analysis. This defines the final goal to be achieved using the strengths and opportunities while avoiding the threats and weaknesses. In mechanical engineering defining this final state is a bit difficult due to versatility of the subject and branches it assumes. I have a determined objective of b ecoming an aeronautical engineer, a branch of mechanical engineering deals with designs, simulations, manufacturing and maintenance of flying machines which may include airships and fighter plans. I have planned to do masters in aerospace engineering on completion of graduation and later on a doctorate in the same discipline will further bring me nearer to my professional career. b)

Standards of Training, Certification & Watchkeeping Convention Essay

Standards of Training, Certification & Watchkeeping Convention - Essay Example One of the many changes to 1978 convention, in 1995, was the requirement of obtaining a new STCW certificate. This was confusing and to some extent it still is as there were two certificates in circulation. The 1978 certificate and the 1995 certificate. The STCW 1978 certificate was there to certify that a sailor was working aboard a vessel prior to 01 Aug 98' and is yet required to fulfill some requirements. Therefore, a new mariner, after 01 Aug 98' cannot be issued a 1978 STCW certificate. New sailors, joining after the aforementioned date, are required to comply with convention requirements before they are eligible for 1995 certificate. 1978 certificate holders are required to go through a training process to close the gap before they can be issued with a 1995 certificate. The fact which gives rise to confusion is that both these certificates were created on the same date. In the US, after 31 Jan 03', no one can get a 1995 certificate by simply completing the training required for the big leap from 1978 to 1995. Each and every sailor is now required to fully comply with 1995 amendment requirements. As all the 1978 certificate holders could not complete all the formalities, the 31 Jan '03 was actually a relaxation of one year to the original date. Despite this relaxation US sailors were still required to get 1995 certification prior to entering waters of a foreign country. Why do we need standards STCW 1978 sets standards of qualification for seafarers on merchant ships. It was initially drafted in 1978 by conference at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in London. It took six years and finally in 1984 STCW was enforced. In 1995 significant changes were brought about. On an international scale 'STCW 1978' was the first to actually establish and enforce basic requirements for training, certification and watchkeeping for mariners. Prior to this such standards were set by individual governments without any reference to practices in the rest of the world. As expected, the outcome of this chaotic situation was widely varied standards, practices and procedures. STCW lays out minimum standards for training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers and countries adhering to comply are independent in their choice to accept or exceed these standards. STCW also applies to ships of countries which have not yet accepted to comply with STCW standards (non-party States), in case they visit ports of party States. An article of the convention requires all party States to apply the control without any biasing or favor to party or non-party States. This can expose the vessels of non-party States to difficult and unexpected situations. As a result, majority of the states are now party States. Revisions to SWTC 1978 In December 1992 IMO's Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) agreed to a US proposal to review in detail the 1978 Convention in light of the involvement of human element in maritime accidents. Moreover, there also had been nurturing a feeling amongst some delegations that the Convention should be more people, and standards relating to people, orientated. Rather than emphasizing on construction of ships and equipment standards, areas relating to people, training and operational practices require more concentration. This resulted in MSC directing

Alcoholic beverage Essay Example for Free

Alcoholic beverage Essay Are children of alcoholics more likely to be alcoholics themselves? In answering the question, researchers sampled 451 people in Alcoholics Anonymous to see how many would say that one, or both, of their parents were alcoholics. People in AA used in the study currently attend AA somewhere in Ohio, Michigan, or Indiana and were asked by people in charge of the local AA programs to volunteer to fill out a survey. The research found that 77 percent of the respondents had at least one parent they classified as an alcoholic. The study also surveyed 451 people randomly from the same states who claim not to be heavy drinkers. Of the non-heavy drinkers, 23 percent would label at least one of their parents as alcoholic. 1. In your own words, please write the conclusion of this passage. – 3 points From this passage, it is concluded, that commonly, one or both parents of alcoholics are accounted as alcoholics too. Therefore, it means that usually, children of majority heavy drinkers are also become alcoholics. 2. Please identify the reasons used in this passage. – 3 points So, author gave several reasons in the form of facts such as questionnaire, for the conclusion above. They made two general surveys, where 451 alcoholics and 451 not alcoholic people were asked. For the first survey, results were justified expectations by 77% out of 100%. By this I mean, that approximately 347 of respondents from AA said that at least of their parents were alcoholics. However, for the next survey, only 23% of whole respondents, who were out from AA approved that one or both their parents were drinkers. 3. What are some weaknesses in the argument, in your opinion? – 5 points There are some weaknesses in this argument. First, all participants of this study were from only three states, there are Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana. It is not sufficient to claim, that it happens all around the world. Secondly, they wrote about non-heavy drinkers too, moreover, from the study, there are alcoholic parents in their family. Consequently, the argument against the fact. 4. What would be an appropriate title for this passage? – 3 points The basic reason of becoming alcoholics is alcoholic parents. 5. Do you think children of alcoholics are more likely to be alcoholics themselves? Explain why. – 6 points Sure, this might be possible claim, because, that kind of children ( with alcoholic parents) live with heavy drinkers from birth. Even, they would be brought up with alcoholics, or it is also possible that they will not have enough attention from their mothers and fathers, so it is more likely, that they will have a bad behavior from their childhood. Although, from my point of view, having a mother or father, who are drinks a lot is not sufficient cause of becoming alcoholic individual. There are other numerous reasons for being dependent on alcohol, such as impatience, being nervous, addicting to bad habits, mental or moral instability and so on. In addition to that, on the contrary, according to the survey, which is done for us, there are still many people who are not depend on their parents, and if their parents are heavy drinkers, it doesn’t affected on them. To conclude, we cannot label the person like alcoholics, just if their parents are alcoholics.

A Random Walk Down Wall Street Essay -- Stock Markets Investing Money

A Random Walk Down Wall Street There is a sense of complexity today that has led many to believe the individual investor has little chance of competing with professional brokers and investment firms. However, Malkiel states this is a major misconception as he explains in his book â€Å"A Random Walk Down Wall Street†. What does a random walk mean? The random walk means in terms of the stock market that, â€Å"short term changes in stock prices cannot be predicted†. So how does a rational investor determine which stocks to purchase to maximize returns? Chapter 1 begins by defining and determining the difference in investing and speculating. Investing defined by Malkiel is the method of â€Å"purchasing assets to gain profit in the form of reasonably predictable income or appreciation over the long term†. Speculating in a sense is predicting, but without sufficient data to support any kind of conclusion. What is investing? Investing in its simplest form is the expectation to receive greater valu e in the future than you have today by saving income rather than spending. For example a savings account will earn a particular interest rate as will a corporate bond. Investment returns therefore depend on the allocation of funds and future events. Traditionally there have been two approaches used by the investment community to determine asset valuation: â€Å"the firm-foundation theory† and the â€Å"castle in the air theory†. The firm foundation theory argues that each investment instrument has something called intrinsic value, which can be determined analyzing securities present conditions and future growth. The basis of this theory is to buy securities when they are temporarily undervalued and sell them when they are temporarily overvalued in comparison to there intrinsic value One of the main variables used in this theory is dividend income. A stocks intrinsic value is said to be â€Å"equal to the present value of all its future dividends†. This is done u sing a method called discounting. Another variable to consider is the growth rate of the dividends. The greater the growth rate the more valuable the stock. However it is difficult to determine how long growth rates will last. Other factors are risk and interest rates, which will be discussed later. Warren Buffet, the great investor of our time, used this technique in making his fortune. The second theory is known as the â€Å"castle in the ai... ... while using the beta approach as a guide. Returns may also rely on general market swings, changes in interest rates and inflation, to changes in national income and other economic factors. Chapter 11 closes our discussion with several insights into the efficient market theory. There have been many attempts to discredit the random walk theory, but none of the theories hold against empirical evidence. Any pattern that is noticed by investors will disappear as investors try to exploit it and the valuation methods of growth rate are far too difficult to predict. As we said before the random walk concludes that no patterns exist in the market, pricing is accurate and all information available is already incorporated into the stock price. Therefore the market is efficient. Even if errors do occur in short-run pricing, they will correct themselves in the long run. The random walk suggest that short-term prices cannot be predicted and to buy stocks for the long run. Malkiel concludes the best way to consistently be profitable is to buy and hold a broad based market index fund. As the market rises so will the investors returns since historically the market continues to rise as a whole.