The Nature Nurture Controversy 20th Century Present

History of the Nature-Nurture Controversy: 20th Century-Present Mary Truong University of Regina The nature-nurture controversy is an age-old dispute that has been debated since at least the time of Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E). According to the nature stance, who we are as individuals, that is, our physical characteristics, personality, intelligence, and how we behave, is biologically inherited, now known through our genetics. Hippocrates for instance, posited that human behaviour was linked to our bodily fluids, which he referred to as humors. Four personality types were identified that were related to four humors: choleric, or yellow bile was associated with being hot-tempered; sanguine or blood to confidence;†¦show more content†¦Galton was greatly influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection. At the time, it was believed that selection could be used to eliminate society of a host of undesirable traits. Heredity however, was understood differently as most scientists of the time believed that the impact of environment was directly transmitte d to offspring. Immorality and illness was thus understood to be inherited the same way as eye or hair color. This also meant that if potential parents developed good health and habits, these too would be passed down to the next generation (Fischer, 2012). With all this mind, Galton defined eugenics (from the Greek, good birth) to mean ‘the science of improving the inherited stock of a population, not only by judicious matings, but by all other means’ (Galton, 2005). Galton frequently wrote about breeding, emphasizing the idea that humanity could improve itself by putting the same effort into our own breeding that was put into breeding livestock. This idea, together with the 1900 rediscovery of Mendel’s hereditary experiments fueled the eugenics movement that took place in the early 20th century. Galton’s word and concept spread rapidly in the early 20th century. The Eugenics Education Society was founded in London, England in 1907 and annual International Eugenics Conferences were held since 1912, attracting luminaries such as Winston Churchill. Canada’s own Tommy Douglas was also aShow MoreRelatedThe Meaning of Nature and Nurture in Psychology Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Meaning of Nature and Nurture in Psychology The nature nurture dichotomy is a theme always present in many areas of psychology. But is it right to talk about it as a dichotomy? , Certainly not. To say so would be like stating that they never act together, that they are contradictory and exclusive oneRead MoreRaising Children in a Homosexual Household Does it affect them? 1639 Words   |  7 Pagesone’s sexual preference, but how well one takes care of that child emotionally, physically, financially, and mentally. Before the 20th, century children were often seen as miniature versions of adults so there was little consideration to children development in cognitive and physical development. The interest of child development did not peak until the early 20th century. Conscientious parenting happens not only within traditional nuclear families, but also within homosexual families. Both traditionalRead MoreThai Elephants and Its Significant to Thai Culture and History2061 Words   |  9 Pagessignificant to Thai Culture and History The elephant, the giant size animal with enormous power and gentle heart, is a living creature that have special place in Thai’s heart. It has been the icon of Thai tradition, culture and royal power through centuries since the old Siam. The thousand and thousand years of relationship between Thai people and elephants are even recorded and can be found abundantly on the pages of Thai’s historical book. 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He argued that the utility of things assessed by human beings as useful might not be totally accurate. He says that all the things present in the universe have a unique value. A latest view developed implies that human purpose is a safe and secure propagation and they are central because only they will be able to survive even after the duration of the sun. Stakeholders involved in theRead MoreEssay on Fundamentalism and Inerrancy of Scripture5400 Words   |  22 PagesInerrancy as an Issue in the Fundamentalist Movement: 1900 to the Present. A Paper Submitted to Dr. Homer Massey In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course History of Christianity II CHHI 525 By, Johnny walker INERRANCY OF THE SCRIPTURES Outline Fundamentalism is a type of religious reaction to all forms of modernity. Within Christianity this phenomenon is mostly characteristicRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagespeople in general. 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Sir William Osler Canadian Physician, 20th Century Teaching Stories: Debra Bankay Debra Bankay is an elementary-school teacher who, wanted students to use their research skills to learn prior to her certification in Ontario, taught at a private about the Fathers of Confederation. I also wanted

Analysis Of The Book Taken - 1426 Words

They involve a hero’s helpers, a heroes call to the adventure, a heroes materials, their almost death experiences, and their quests, to name a few. The movie Taken, represents a monomyth because the plot follows a man’s journey to save his daughter. Bryan (Actor Liam Neelson) goes over seas to find his kidnapped daughter, Kim. Bryan is in Los Angeles and Kim is in Paris with a friend, Amanda, when the action packed adventure begins. The call to adventure for a hero would begin if that hero receives some information that prompts him to go out on a journey with no clues for what to expect. Theseus’ call to adventure occurred when he arrived in his father s city, Athens, and heard the horrible history of the Minotaur, he had to go slay it. Odysseus’s journey began with him trying to travel home but he was misguided on the Mediterranean by the winds of the angered god, Poseidon. In the attempt to get rid of Perseus, Polydectes sent him out on a journey to get Gorgon Medusa’s head. 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The Women 100 Years Ago and Now free essay sample

The women 100 years ago and now Time flies so quickly that we humans didn’t notice the changes around us. It is said that change is the only permanent thing in this world. Everything and everyone has the capability of changing. Women today are a lot different centuries ago. Aspects such us liberation, career option and the like are the main points of contrast. In todays world, women are far more liberated than they ever were 100 years ago. On the way they act, is far away to the concept of conservative women 100 years ago. Women have now the freedom to stand on their own. They now have the right to follow their dreams, speak in meetings, hold careers and even have the choice of staying at home to raise a family or working outside the home for what they want. They now have the choice or option of living in their own way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Women 100 Years Ago and Now or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike a century ago, women don’t have much voice in the society. They remain silent and they just follow what is said. They cannot fight for their right because indeed, women were inferior that time. Men were given attention most of the time. Women rather just stay on their homes, do the chores, take care of their children and wait for their husbands. They just depend on what‘s provided to them. Women,during their time doesn’t have the right to vote. Women nowadays have number of kids and run their lives on their own. They are independent beings who can choose to live a more traditional life as a wife and mother that can rely upon themselves to pay their bills, rent and make themselves happy. But beyond these differences, now and yesterday has similarities too. Women in the past though they can’t express themselves fully because they were inferior have strong personalities like the women today. It is women’s nature to be strong. Compared with men, who are weak because of their ego. Comparing and contrasting women yesterday and today made me realize how time make people change. Like a snap of the finger can change your fate. Like how great the impact and influence of modern technology to people can change the lifestyle of it. Women will always be part of the history. Though now and before will never be the same, there is still part of it that will remain.

Therapeutic Touch Its Effectiveness On Surgical Essay Example For Students

Therapeutic Touch: Its Effectiveness On Surgical Essay Therapeutic touch has been shown to decrease patients anxiety levels and increase their pain tolerance levels when other more mainstream therapies have not been completely effective. Therapeutic touch is a process by which energy is transmitted from one person to another for the purpose of potentiating the healing process of one who is ill or injured. (Heidt, 1981; Krieger, 1979; Lionberger, 1985; Randolph, 1984; Kramer, 1990). In my capacity as a nursing student on a medical- surgical unit, I have noticed an increase in pain medication requests among patients with incision site pain and a minimal use of lternative therapies for this pain management. With the use of therapeutic touch nurses can regain a closeness with patients and also have a direct effect on their pain level. Therefore the purpose of this study will be to determine if therapeutic touch is an effective intervention for patients experiencing surgical incision site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery. PROBLEM STATEMENT The question posed for study is: Is therapeutic touch an effective intervention for decreasing a patients surgical site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery? . The independent variable is therapeutic touch. The dependant variable is decreasing surgical site pain. The population to be studied will be patients on a thirty bed medical-surgical floor of a Lake Charles hospital. Fifty surgical patients will be studied over a four week period. The patients will be randomly selected to avoid any bias by the researcher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM herapeutic touch is a nursing intervention that has the potential for eliciting a state of physiological relaxation in patients and for decreasing patients anxiety (Heidt, 1991). The use of therapeutic touch is very important o the nursing community. The need for immediate intervention in acute or chronic pain could be handled at the bedside with no need to await a doctors order for pharmacological intervention. Anxiety could be lessened to let patients rest more comfortably in the stressful hospital environment. Also teaching could be enhanced in the less anxious and more pain free client. A client that is admitted to the hospital for surgery may not get all the rest needed for proper recovery and healing due to inadequate pain relief from pharmacologic interventions. The need for more in depth research and pplication in the field of therapeutic touch as a nursing intervention is essential. REVIEW OF LITERATURE In preparing to undertake this research, various forms of literature must be examined. In a study done by Nancy Ann Kramer, MSN, RN on therapeutic touch and casual touch stress reduction of hospitalized children (1990), her study supported the use of therapeutic touch. She states he intervention of therapeutic touch will more quickly reduce the childs stress and provide comfort for a longer time, which eventually may decrease the hospital stay and decrease nursing work. . The author states that more research ay need to be done with a larger sample and a wider range of patient stressors to further support the use of therapeutic touch in a clinical setting. She used a sample of thirty children ages two weeks to two years old. In the next study, done by Patricia R. Heidt, RN, PhD, Helping patients to rest: Clinical studies in therapeutic touch(1991), she studied patients who wanted help with pain relief. Her main reason for this was to increase the descriptive data on patient care so further research could be done and therapeutic touch could be applied in nursing interventions. The strength of his study came from its in depth look at two case studies and how the therapeutic touch was used on two specific patients. The case studies gave an in depth look at the patients history and treatment and out comes after therapeutic touch was used. It also explained the settings and exactly what was done step-by-step through the therapeutic touch treatment by Heidt herself. The weakness of this study was also its strength. It had a very narrow focus and was not applied to a large group. In a study, done by Janet F. Quinn, RN, PhD, FAAN and Anthony J. Strelkauskas, PhD, named Psychoimmunologic effects of therapeutic touch on ractitioners and recently bereaved recipients: A pilot study(1993), they wanted to identify the variations and address conceptual inconsistencies in previous Therapeutic Touch research . The study was done with two therapeutic touch practitioners and four recently bereaved patients. They wanted to determine if there was a correlation between who received the therapeutic touch and who applied the therapeutic touch. Their study supported the use of therapeutic touch on practitioners and others who are bereaved and how therapeutic touch can increase white blood cell response. The weaknesses of this study were: that a short time frame was used (two weeks) and a small sample of practitioners and recipients was used. The strength of this study flowed from its use of descriptive language and its ease of obtaining bereaved subjects for use in the study. In the following study, Effects of Therapeutic Touch on Tension Headache Pain (1986), done by Elizabeth Keller and Virginia M. Bzdek they reviewed a sample of sixty volunteers from ages eighteen to fifty-nine that experience tension headaches. Their study supported the use of therapeutic touch in tension headache pain. They used a large sample population and various testing components for grading pain and relief of pain. I find this to be the strength of this study. A weakness of this study was its non-use of any pharmacological intervention and also the total subjectiveness of a persons pain rating. It also did not rule out whether any of the subjects had ever previously tried alternative therapies for their headache pain. Deforestation EssayThe reason for selecting this design is its simplicity. Half of the fifty patients will be randomly chosen as a control group. Observation of the dependant variable will be taken at those points in time as listed above. It will allow us to examine the changes of the patients response before and after the therapeutic touch treatment. SAMPLE The study subjects will be fifty surgical patients from a thirty bed medical- surgical floor at a Lake Charles hospital over a four week period. Each patient will have to meet the following criteria for the study: 1. The patient must have experienced an uncomplicated surgery. 2. The patient must have a surgical incision of at least two inches in length. 3. The patient must have some narcotic analgesia ordered for post- operative pain control. 4. The patient must be admitted into the hospital for a stay of greater than forty-eight hours after surgery. 5. The patient must sign a consent form to participate in the study. 6. The patient must be between the age of eighteen and thirty years old. The sample will include both male and female subjects. The nursing staff will identify candidates for this study when admitted to the post- operative surgery floor from the post- anesthesia care unit. If the patient cannot read the staff can read the consent to the patient. After verbalizing understanding of the consent, the staff member and one witness can sign the consent form for the patient. If the patient meets this criteria noted above they will be asked to sign a consent to participate in the study. HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION Freedom from harm will be assured by the giving of pain medication promptly after the therapeutic touch treatment. The nurse will respond within five minutes with the therapeutic touch treatment that will last five minutes. If the patient still requests pain medication after the therapeutic touch reatment, it will be administered. If at any time the patient cannot wait for the narcotic analgesic until after the therapeutic touch treatment, it shall be administered. This will effectively remove the subject from this study. The subjects will have the benefits of this study explained to them before participating in it. The risks are minimal as all that will be introduced is the therapeutic touch treatment. The use of narcotic analgesia will still be an option for the patient and will not be withheld if asked for before the therapeutic touch treatment is over. The benefit of this study will e enhanced knowledge for the use of pain management without or in conjunction with pharmacological measures in the post-operative period. The subjects will have the right to decide to join the study voluntarily. There will be no penalties or prejudicial treatment for not joining the study or for leaving the study at any time before it is over. The subjects will have full knowledge of the study to be performed and will have to sign a consent from which will include the following: *The fact that the data provided by or obtained from the subjects will be used in a scientific study *The purpose of the study The type of data to be collected *The nature and extent of the subjects time commitment *The procedures to be followed in collecting the research data *How subjects came to be selected *Potential physical or emotional discomforts or side effects *If injury is possible, an explanation of any medical treatments that might be available *Potential benefits to subjects (including whether or not a stipend is being offered) and potential benefits to others *A description of the voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty *A pledge that the subjects privacy will at all times be protected The names of people to contact for information or complaints about the study. (Polit and Hungler 1993) SUMMARY The use of therapeutic touch treatment in a clinical setting is a growing trend all over the world today. Therapeutic touch was derived from many ancient healing arts. In its contemporary form, therapeutic touch was developed by Dolores Krieger, Ph. D. , RN. , and her mentor, Dora Kinz, in the early 1970s. Research has shown that therapeutic touch is effective in promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety; changing the patients perception of pain; and in restoring the bodys natural processes. The importance of therapeutic touch to nursing is tremendous. Nurses must use a holistic approach to healing. The only way to succeed with this is by using all the tools that can be used. Therapeutic touch is being supported and taught in many nursing schools in Canada. It is put into practice in a wide range of settings from nursing homes to stress reduction of the nursing staff themselves to reduce burnout. Research indicates that therapeutic touch does produce significant levels of effective healing. The continued research in therapeutic touch and its use is essential.